Being distinctively different from solid, liquid and gas phases of water, water associated around individual carbon nanotubes is uniquely identified as 4th Phase Water. This interaction dictates how carbon nanotubes can be densified to form durable filtration membranes.

Densification ensures the following unique properties of DCN membranes for filtration: hydrophilicity, chemical and physical stability, fouling resistance and universal compatibility. Judiciously controlling the pore size and membrane thickness can achieve optimal flow and selectivity.